WUHAN, CHINA – OCTOBER 13: (CHINA OUT) A man is seen watering plants in front of a coal fired power plant on October 13, 2021 in Hanchuan, Hubei province, China. China’s electricity consumption, a key barometer of economic activity, went up 6.8 percent year on year in September, as the country’s economy further recovers, official data showed Wednesday. Total power use came in at 694.7 billion kWh last month, the National Energy Administration said. China’s national development and Reform Commission announced on Wednesday, has expanded the floating range of coal-fired power generation transaction price to 20% up and down.（Photo by Getty Images)
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China has been known to grow its coal power and renewables capacities in tandem for some years now. While the expectation for most observers was likely that green energy would eventually gain the upper hand after a transitional time period, 2025 figures released by the Global Coal Plant Tracker paint a different picture about the direction China’s electricity mix might be taking.
Last year, China installed almost 70 gigawatts of new coal power capacity more than it took off the grid. The last time this number has been this high was in 2007. In 2018, between 2020 and 2022 as well as in 2024, net coal additions had stayed below 30 gigawatts.
This chart shows the power capacity of newly installed and decommissioned coal power plants in China (in gigawatt).
Statista
Blackouts that happened in 2021 and 2022 due to coal shortages, droughts and Covid demand fluctuations are cited as reasons China decided to once again invest in the technology which is seen as a very reliable power source—a decision that is now manifesting itself in finished coal power plants. However, the country is bringing such a high amount of capacity online that experts are worried future renewables development will be impacted despite claims from Chinese leadership that coal will play a backup role.
China’s energy price politics are another factor fostering shortages independent of capacity considerations. Because the market has not been subject to deregulation, energy prices are fixed and providers cannot increase them when their costs go up. This is de-incentivizing them from keeping up production in times when it runs into difficulties.
Turnaround On Renewables?
Despite growing coal capacity, the share of China’s electricity generated from the fossil fuel has fallen over the years, reaching a still high 58% in 2024. Hydroelectricity’s share stood at more than 13% in 2024, but has been decreasing due to the critical droughts plaguing the country. At the same time, renewables like wind and solar have been expanding fast, but have not yet reached a 20% share of electricity generated annually. To reach critical climate goals, China would have to keep up progress instead of slowing it down or even reversing it.
It is not only the coal power plants that have come online already. China has more projects in the pipeline. Additional data shows that China has a staggering 500 gigawatts of coal power capacity under construction, permitted, pre-permitted and announced as of this January. While cancellation rates are high, the country’s coal frenzy has still caused available coal power capacity to rise continuously every year. Christine Shearer of the Global Energy Monitor said according to the Associated Press that China had commissioned more coal power capacity in 2025 alone than India, the second biggest builder of new coal, had done in the past decade.
This chart shows the countries with the most coal power plants in (pre-)construction (in megawatts of capacity).
Statista
China is indeed miles ahead of second-placed India when it comes to the most coal capacity in the permitting process or under construction. The former country has been increasing permitting and construction over time, while the latter has recently announced and authorized more projects, but started fewer. Other countries that have been building more coal plants are Russia and Kazakhstan, while decreased activity was seen in Bangladesh and Vietnam.